![]() Knowing the French army had suffered enormous losses in 1915, German strategists believed that if they could force the French to attack with the same intensity as they had a year earlier, the French army would lose even more men and be forced to ask for peace, ending Germany’s difficult two-front war. The Battle of Verdun (February 21 - December 18, 1916) took place north of the city of Verdun along the Meuse River in northeastern France between the German and French armies and was the longest battle of the First World War at 303 days. Yet it also set the stage for four years of trench warfare on the Western Front. ![]() The pursuing French and British armies ultimately clashed with the Germans at this spot, resulting in the Battle of the Aisne. The Battle of the Marne was a victory for the Allies, marking the ultimate failure of the German Schlieffen Plan to reach Paris. The Germans eventually stopped their retreat north of the Aisne River, where they dug in, constructing trenches. Though historians have recently challenged the veracity of the battle’s taxicabs, the story’s impact on French morale was undeniable. Thus, the reinforced Allies held their ground against German counterattacks and drove them into a retreat. The Germans still hoped to defeat the Allies, but the French were reinforced on the night of September 7 by 10,000 reserve infantry ferried from Paris, including about 3,000 men from the Seventh Army transported by six hundred taxicabs requisitioned by French generals in Paris. While engaging the Sixth Army, the German forces ignored the attacks from a combined British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and the French Fifth Army advancing from the south, opening a 30 mile gap in the German lines. Following the French army’s “Great Retreat” towards Paris, French Marshal Joseph Joffre ordered the French Sixth Army to advance. Accordingly the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo was initiated some two months later on 19 August 1917.The Battle of the Marne (September 5-12, 1914) marked the end of the German advance into France from Belgium. With morale in the Italian army plunging Cadorna planned one further breakthrough attempt as he massed the greatest number of divisions and artillery yet along the Soča (Isonzo) river. Some fighting also took place in the northern sections of the front in the Julian Alps, where the Austro-Hungarians streanghtened their positions along the Vršič mountain ridge.Ĭasualties continued to be high: 157,000 Italian losses were sustained, with a further 75,000 Austro-Hungarian casualties. Nevertheless, a major Austro-Hungarian counter-offensive launched on 3 June reclaimed virtually all lost ground and by the time the battle was called off by Cadorna on 8 June little territory had been gained. ![]() By the close of May the Italian army had advanced to within 15km of Trieste almost reaching the coastal town of Duino, although subsidiary attacks elsewhere failed. The second aim of the offensive was to conquer Mount Škabrijel, thus opening the way to the Vipava Valley. This time the Italians returned to the Kras plateau south-east of Gorizia, setting in train an infantry advance along a 40 km front in order to achieve a breakthrough towards Trieste. The previous three Isonzo battles had seen Cadorna concentrate short, sharp initiatives against closely defined targets, generally aimed at extending their sole bridgehead east of Gorizia. ![]() The Italians, deploying 38 divisions - against only 14 of the Austro-Hungarians - switched tactics once again.
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